Legal Requirements & Documentation

Declaring assets abroad in 2026: Modelo 720 explained

Modelo 720 explained for Spanish residents: the €50,000 thresholds, the January–March deadline, the €20,000 rule, crypto on Modelo 721 and penalties today.

Published

11 minutes ago

October 13, 2026

Asvini

Retired couple reviewing bank statements with a tax adviser at a wooden desk in a Marbella office

Updated: October 2026

Once you become tax resident in Spain, you may have to tell the Spanish Tax Agency about bank accounts, investments and property you still hold in your home country. This is done on Modelo 720, an information return that worries many newcomers because of its once-notorious fines. This guide explains who has to file, the thresholds, the deadline and what has changed since the penalty regime was struck down.

What Modelo 720 is (and what it is not)

Modelo 720 is a declaración informativa: you report what you own abroad, but you pay no tax with it. The income those assets produce (interest, dividends, rent, gains) is declared separately on your annual income tax return, as for any Spanish resident taxed on worldwide income. If you are unsure about that side, start with our overview of the Spanish tax system.

The form is filed online through the Agencia Tributaria’s electronic office, using a digital certificate, Cl@ve or similar. Many residents ask a gestor or tax adviser to prepare it the first time.

Who has to file

The obligation applies to Spanish tax residents, including individuals and companies. Non-residents who only own a holiday home in Spain do not file it. You are usually tax resident if you spend more than 183 days a year in Spain or your main economic interests are here.

You must report not only assets you own outright, but also accounts on which you are an authorised signatory, a beneficiary or the beneficial owner. If an asset is jointly owned, each resident co-owner reports it: for bank accounts you give the full balance, not split, together with your ownership percentage.

One notable exception: people taxed under the special regime for new residents (the Beckham law) do not have to file, according to the Tax Agency’s own FAQ. Family members who are not on that regime are not covered by the exception.

The three blocks and the €50,000 thresholds

Assets abroad are split into three blocks. You only have to file for a block when its combined value is more than €50,000.

Block	What it covers	Value used
1. Accounts	Current and savings accounts, deposits held at banks abroad	Balance on 31 December or the average balance of the last quarter, whichever is higher
2. Securities, insurance and annuities	Shares, bonds, investment funds, life insurance and annuities held with foreign entities	Mainly the value on 31 December (for funds, the net asset value)
3. Real estate	Property abroad and rights over it, such as a share in a house	Generally the purchase value

Each block is measured on its own. A person with €60,000 in a foreign savings account and €30,000 in foreign shares only reports the accounts block. Amounts in other currencies are converted at the exchange rate on 31 December.

Deadline and later years

Modelo 720 is filed between 1 January and 31 March for the situation on 31 December of the previous year. Assets held at the end of 2025 were reported by 31 March 2026, and assets held at the end of 2026 must be reported between 1 January and 31 March 2027.

You do not have to file every year. After your first Modelo 720, you file again only if:

the value of a block you already declared has risen by more than €20,000 compared with your last return, or
a block crosses the €50,000 threshold for the first time, or
you have closed, sold or stopped holding an asset you declared before (this must be reported even if values fell).

Crypto goes on Modelo 721

Cryptocurrencies held with providers abroad are not included in Modelo 720. Since the 2023 tax year they go on a separate return, Modelo 721, which also uses a €50,000 threshold and the same January–March filing window. Crypto held on a Spanish platform or in your own private wallet follows different rules, so check with an adviser.

Penalties after the 2022 EU ruling

Modelo 720 used to carry some of the harshest penalties in Europe: fixed fines per missing item, a 150% penalty and the rule that undeclared assets could be taxed as unjustified income with no time limit. On 27 January 2022, the Court of Justice of the European Union (case C-788/19) ruled that this system breached EU law because it was disproportionate.

Spain then passed Law 5/2022, which removed the special penalty regime. Since then, late or incorrect Modelo 720 returns fall under the general penalty rules of the Spanish tax code, which are much lower. That does not mean the form can be ignored: the Tax Agency receives a lot of data from foreign banks through automatic exchange of information, and penalties for missing information returns still apply.

If you realise you should have filed in earlier years, filing late on your own initiative, before the Tax Agency contacts you, usually leads to lower penalties. Our guide to tax audits and inspections explains what happens if they do.

Practical checklist for your first Modelo 720

List every account, investment, insurance policy and property you hold abroad, including ones you are only authorised on.
Ask each foreign bank or broker for a statement showing the 31 December balance and, for accounts, the fourth-quarter average.
Find the purchase deeds or documents for any foreign property.
Convert all amounts to euros at the 31 December exchange rate and add them up per block.
If any block is over €50,000, file between 1 January and 31 March, and keep a copy of your return as the baseline for the €20,000 rule.

Useful links

FAQ: Modelo 720

Do I pay tax when I file Modelo 720?

No. It is only an information return. Income from the assets is declared and taxed on your normal income tax return.

My foreign pension is paid into a UK account. Do I need to file?

Only if the accounts block abroad is over €50,000 on 31 December or on the fourth-quarter average. The pension income itself goes on your income tax return.

Do I need to file every year?

No. After the first return, you file again only if a block rises by more than €20,000, a new block passes €50,000, or you close or sell something you declared.

Are the old huge fines still possible?

No. Since Law 5/2022, the general tax penalty rules apply instead. Penalties still exist, so it pays to file correctly and on time.

Disclaimer: This article is general information only and is not legal or tax advice. Reporting rules and thresholds can change – always check with the Agencia Tributaria and ask a gestor, tax adviser or lawyer about your own situation.

Banking & Finances

How to handle Spanish tax audits and inspections as a foreigner

What happens when the Agencia Tributaria checks your taxes, how to respond to a letter, which deadlines apply and how to appeal as a foreign resident.

Published

1 year ago

August 10, 2025

Asvini

Spanish gestor pointing at a screen while explaining a tax return to an expat couple in his office

Updated: October 2026

A letter from the Agencia Tributaria (AEAT) can be unsettling, especially if you are still learning how Spanish taxes work. This guide is for foreign residents, freelancers and property owners who have been contacted by the Spanish tax office, or want to be prepared. You will learn the difference between a simple check and a full inspection, how to respond, which deadlines matter and how to appeal.

Audit, check or inspection: what is the difference?

Most contact from the tax office is not a full audit. Spanish tax law (Ley 58/2003, General Tributaria) sets out several procedures, and it helps to know which one you are in, because the rules and time limits differ.

Requerimiento (request for information): the office asks you to send a document or explain an item on your return. Often this is the whole matter.
Comprobación limitada (limited check): a desk review by the management department, usually about specific items such as a deduction, rental income or a missing return. The maximum duration is six months.
Inspección (inspection): a deeper review carried out by the inspection department, which can cover several taxes and years. The general maximum duration is 18 months, extended to 27 months in certain larger or more complex cases.

The letter you receive states which procedure has been opened, which tax and which years are covered. Read that part first.

Why foreigners get contacted

Foreigners are not targeted as a group, but some situations are more likely to trigger questions. The tax office cross-checks your return with data from banks, employers, notaries, land registries and, through automatic exchange of information, tax authorities in other countries.

Foreign income (pensions, salaries, dividends) that does not appear on your Spanish return
Foreign bank accounts or assets that were not declared on Modelo 720 when required
Rental income from a Spanish property that was not declared, or non-resident tax that was not paid
Doubts about your tax residence, for example if you spend more than 183 days a year in Spain but file as a non-resident
Freelance (autónomo) invoices and VAT returns that do not match each other

How to respond step by step

Check that it is genuine. Official notifications arrive by registered post or in your electronic mailbox at the AEAT Sede or DEHú. Be wary of emails or text messages asking you to click a link or pay; the tax office does not ask for card details that way.
Note the deadline. The letter states how long you have to reply, often ten working days for a request for documents. If you are signed up for electronic notifications (mandatory for companies), a notification you do not open within ten calendar days is treated as delivered, so the deadline still runs.
Gather the documents asked for and nothing more than what is relevant. Keep copies of everything you hand over.
Reply through the official channel mentioned in the letter, usually the online Sede using your digital certificate, Cl@ve or a reference number, or in person with an appointment. Keep the registration receipt.
Ask for more time if you need it. You can request an extension before the deadline ends, explaining why (for example, waiting for documents from abroad).
Read the proposal carefully. At the end of a check you normally receive a proposal (propuesta de liquidación) and a period to submit comments (alegaciones) before the final decision.

Documents you may be asked for

Spanish and foreign bank statements
Employment contracts, payslips, pension statements or freelance invoices
Proof of residence: padrón certificate, rental contract, utility bills, travel records
A tax residence certificate from another country, if you claim to be resident there
Purchase and sale deeds, receipts for deductible expenses and proof of foreign tax paid

The general limitation period for tax debts in Spain is four years, so keep your records for at least that long, counted from the end of the filing period of each return. Keep documents about property purchases and investments for as long as you own the asset, plus four years.

Possible outcomes and how to appeal

A check can end with no changes, or with an assessment (liquidación) of extra tax plus late-payment interest. If the office considers that you committed a tax offence, a separate penalty procedure is opened. Penalties can be reduced if you accept the assessment and pay within the deadline, so ask your adviser to calculate this before deciding whether to agree.

Option	Where	Deadline
Recurso de reposición (optional)	The same office that issued the decision	One month from notification
Reclamación económico-administrativa	Regional or central economic-administrative tribunal (TEAR/TEAC)	One month from notification
Court appeal	Contentious-administrative courts	After the tribunal route is exhausted

Appealing does not automatically stop the debt from being collected. To suspend payment while you appeal, you normally have to request it and offer a guarantee.

Modelo 720 and foreign assets

Tax residents must file Modelo 720 by 31 March if they hold more than 50,000 euros in one of three categories abroad: bank accounts, securities and investments, or real estate. In January 2022 the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the old, very high fixed penalties for late or missing 720 returns broke EU law, and Spain changed the system. However, undeclared foreign income can still be assessed, so if you have missed a 720 or not declared foreign income, get advice and consider correcting it voluntarily before the tax office contacts you.

Practical tips for expats

Never ignore a letter, even if you have moved abroad. Keep your address up to date with the tax office.
Get a digital certificate or Cl@ve so you can read notifications and reply online.
Use a qualified adviser (asesor fiscal, gestor or tax lawyer) for inspections or anything involving foreign income. Many work in English.
Stay factual and polite. Answer exactly what is asked and put your explanations in writing.

For the basics of income tax, residence and the main returns, read our guide to understanding the tax system in Spain.

Useful links

Agencia Tributaria – official tax office website and online Sede
Understanding the tax system in Spain
Property taxes for foreign owners in Spain
Investment strategies for expats in Spain

FAQ: Spanish tax audits

How do I know the letter is really from the tax office?

Genuine notifications arrive by registered post or in your electronic mailbox on the AEAT Sede or DEHú, and include a secure verification code. If in doubt, log in to the Sede yourself rather than clicking a link.

How many years back can the tax office check?

The general limitation period is four years from the end of the filing period for each return. It can be interrupted, for example when a check is opened.

Do I need to speak Spanish?

Procedures are run in Spanish (or a co-official language). If your Spanish is limited, use an adviser who can reply on your behalf with a signed authorisation.

What happens if I ignore the letter?

The procedure continues without you. You may be fined for not cooperating, and the tax office can issue an assessment based on the data it has and later collect the debt from your bank accounts.

Can I appeal if I disagree?

Yes. You can file a recurso de reposición with the same office or go straight to the economic-administrative tribunal, in both cases within one month of being notified.

Disclaimer: This article is general information only and is not tax or legal advice. Procedures and deadlines can change – always check your notification and the Agencia Tributaria, or consult a qualified adviser, before you act.

Legal Requirements & Documentation

Driving in Spain in 2026: licence rules for EU, UK and non-EU drivers

Published

1 year ago

August 10, 2025

Asvini

Woman driving on a sunny coastal road in Andalusia with a white village and the sea ahead

Updated: October 2026

Can you keep driving on your foreign licence after you move to Spain – and for how long? The answer depends on where your licence was issued. Here are the rules that apply in 2026 for EU, UK and other non-EU drivers, and how to exchange your licence with the DGT (Dirección General de Tráfico).

EU and EEA licences: no exchange needed

A valid licence from another EU or EEA country is recognised in Spain. You do not have to exchange it just because you become a resident.

Renewal: when your licence expires while you live in Spain, you renew it here and receive a Spanish licence.
Long or unlimited validity: if your licence has no expiry date or is valid for more than 15 years, you must renew it in Spain after 2 years of residence.
Medical rules: Spanish medical requirements and age-based renewal periods apply to you as a resident.
Voluntary exchange: you can swap to a Spanish licence at any time if you prefer.

UK and other non-EU licences: the 6-month rule

If you hold a licence from outside the EU/EEA, you can drive in Spain on it for 6 months from the date you become a resident. After that you must have a Spanish licence.

Countries with an exchange agreement – including the UK, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, Morocco and many Latin American countries – can exchange their licence without a driving test.
Countries without an agreement – for example the USA, Canada and Australia – cannot exchange. You must pass the Spanish theory and practical tests at a driving school.
Tourists who are not resident can drive on their foreign licence during their stay. Some licences need an International Driving Permit.

Check the official list of countries with an agreement on the DGT website before you book – the list changes from time to time.

How to exchange your licence – step by step

Medical check: get a driver medical certificate (certificado médico de conductor) at an authorised centre. It costs roughly €30–60 and is valid for 90 days.
Pay the DGT fee: pay the exchange fee (around €28) online with form 790 code 011.
Book a cita previa for “canje de permiso” at your provincial traffic office (Jefatura Provincial de Tráfico). In busy areas, book well in advance.
Bring your documents: passport, NIE/TIE, padrón certificate, your original licence, a recent photo, the medical certificate and the fee receipt.
Collect your licence: you hand in your foreign licence and get a temporary permit at the appointment. The plastic card is sent by post a few weeks later.

Practical tips for driving in Spain

Download the free miDGT app – once you have a Spanish licence, you can show it digitally and check your points and vehicles.
Carry your licence, ID and the car’s documents (insurance and ITV) when you drive.
Never let the 6-month deadline pass – driving on an invalid licence can lead to heavy fines and problems with your insurance.
Spain uses a points system: new Spanish licences start with 8 points and rise to 12 after two years without offences.

FAQ: driving licences in Spain

Do I need to exchange my EU licence when I move to Spain?

No. A valid EU/EEA licence is recognised. You only need to renew it in Spain when it expires, or after 2 years of residence if it has no expiry date or is valid for more than 15 years.

How long can I drive on my UK licence as a resident?

For 6 months after you become a resident. Exchange it before the deadline – the UK–Spain agreement lets you do it without a test.

What if my country has no agreement with Spain?

Then you must take the Spanish theory and practical driving tests. Most people do this through a local driving school (autoescuela).

How long does a licence exchange take?

You get a temporary permit at the appointment. The card usually arrives within a few weeks, but waiting times for appointments vary a lot by province.

Useful links

Disclaimer: This article is general information only and not legal advice. Traffic rules, fees and country agreements can change – always check with the DGT before you apply.

Legal Requirements & Documentation

Spain’s digital nomad visa in 2026: requirements, income and how to apply

Published

1 year ago

August 10, 2025

Asvini

Applicant filling in a Spanish visa form while an official reviews documents at a desk

Updated: October 2026

Spain’s digital nomad visa – officially the residence permit for international teleworkers (teletrabajo de carácter internacional) – lets non-EU citizens live in Spain while working remotely for companies or clients abroad. The rules come from the Startup Law (Ley 28/2022), and the income requirement is tied to the Spanish minimum wage (SMI), which was raised again for 2026. Here is what applies in 2026 and how to apply step by step.

What changed for 2026

Higher income requirement: the 2026 minimum wage is €1,221 per month in 14 payments (Royal Decree 126/2026). Because the visa requires 200% of the SMI, the minimum income has gone up to roughly €2,849 per month (about €34,188 per year).
Applies to renewals too: the new figure is used for both first applications and renewals filed in 2026.
Stricter checks: the immigration office (UGE) looks more closely at whether the work is really remote, whether the income comes from outside Spain and whether you actually live in Spain.

Who can apply

Citizens of countries outside the EU/EEA and Switzerland.
Remote employees of a company outside Spain. You must have worked with the company for at least 3 months, and the company must have been operating for at least 1 year.
Freelancers working mainly for clients outside Spain. Up to 20% of your total work may be for Spanish clients.
You need a university degree, a recognised professional qualification, or at least 3 years of experience in your field.
No criminal record in Spain or in the countries where you lived during the last 5 years.

Income requirement 2026

Who	Minimum per month (approx.)	Basis
Main applicant	€2,849	200% of the SMI
First family member (e.g. spouse)	+ €1,068	75% of the SMI
Each additional family member	+ €356	25% of the SMI

Example: a couple with one child needs roughly €2,849 + €1,068 + €356 = €4,273 per month. The figures are calculated from the yearly minimum wage (€17,094) divided by 12. The immigration office can round or calculate slightly differently, so always aim a little above the minimum.

Documents you need

Valid passport (full copy).
Employment contract or freelance contracts showing you can work remotely.
A letter from your employer confirming remote work from Spain, and proof that the company has existed for at least 1 year.
Proof of income: recent payslips, invoices and bank statements (usually the last 3 months).
Degree certificate or proof of 3 years’ experience.
Criminal record certificates (apostilled and translated into Spanish).
Health insurance: Spanish social security coverage or private insurance with full cover in Spain and no co-payments.
Social security: a certificate showing you stay covered in your home country (where there is an agreement), or registration with Spanish social security – as an employee or as a self-employed autónomo.
Proof that the application fee has been paid.

How to apply – step by step

There are two routes. Which one you use depends on where you are when you apply.

Route 1: from inside Spain (most common)

Enter Spain legally (for example as a visa-free visitor).
Apply online to the Unidad de Grandes Empresas (UGE) with a digital certificate or through a lawyer/gestor.
The UGE should answer within 20 working days. If there is no answer by then, the application is treated as approved (positive silence).
The permit is granted for 3 years and can be renewed for another 2 years.
Register at the town hall (empadronamiento) and book your fingerprint appointment to get your residence card (TIE).

Route 2: from your home country

Apply for the digital nomad visa at the Spanish consulate responsible for where you live.
The visa is valid for up to 1 year.
Before it expires, apply to the UGE in Spain for the residence permit, which then runs for up to 3 years.

After 5 years of legal residence you can apply for long-term residence.

Taxes: the Beckham Law

As a digital nomad you become a Spanish tax resident if you spend more than 183 days a year in Spain. You can ask to be taxed under the special regime for incoming workers, known as the Beckham Law:

A flat 24% tax on work income up to €600,000 per year.
It applies to the year you move and the following 5 tax years.
You must not have been a Spanish tax resident in the previous 5 years.
You must apply with form 149 within 6 months of registering with social security in Spain.

Tax is personal and depends on your situation, so talk to a Spanish tax advisor (gestor) before you decide.

Common reasons for refusal

Income below the 2026 minimum, or income that is not regular.
The employer’s letter does not clearly allow remote work from Spain.
Missing social security certificate or insurance with co-payments.
Documents not apostilled or not translated by a sworn translator.

FAQ: digital nomad visa in Spain

How much do I need to earn in 2026?

Roughly €2,849 per month for the main applicant, plus about €1,068 for the first family member and €356 for each additional one.

Can I apply while I am already in Spain?

Yes, as long as you are in Spain legally. You then apply directly to the UGE for the 3-year residence permit.

Can I bring my family?

Yes. Spouse or partner and children can apply with you, as long as your income covers the extra amount for each family member.

Can I work for Spanish companies?

Freelancers may earn up to 20% of their income from Spanish clients. Remote employees must work for a company outside Spain.

Do I need private health insurance?

Only if you are not covered by Spanish social security. The policy must give full cover in Spain without co-payments.

Does this visa lead to permanent residence?

Yes. After 5 years of continuous legal residence you can apply for long-term residence.

Useful links

Disclaimer: This article is for general information only and is not legal or tax advice. Rules and amounts can change – always check with the official authorities or a qualified advisor.